9급 국가직 영어 2015년 기출문제

The young knight was so ________ at being called a coward that he charged forward with his sword in hand.

Back in the mid-1970s, an American computer scientist called John Holland _________ the idea of using the theory of evolution to solve notoriously difficult problems in science.

Of equal importance in wars of conquest were the germs that evolved in human societies with domestic animals. ① Infectious diseases like smallpox, measles, and flu arose as specialized germs of humans, derived by mutations of very similar ancestral germs that had infected animals. ② The most direct contribution of plant and animal domestication to wars of conquest was from Eurasia's horses, whose military role made them the jeeps and Sherman tanks of ancient warfare on that continent. ③ The humans who domesticated animals were the first to fall victim to the newly evolved germs, but those humans then evolved substantial resistance to the new disease. ④ When such partly immune people came into contact with others who had had no previous exposure to the germs, epidemics resulted in which up to 99 percent of the previously unexposed population was killed. Germs thus acquired ultimately from domestic animals played decisive roles in the European conquests of Native Americans, Australians, South Africans, and Pacific islanders.

Everyone knows what the Mona Lisa and Michelangelo's David look like － or do we? They are reproduced so often that we may feel we know them even if we have never been to Paris or Florence. Each has countless spoofs － David in boxer shorts or the Mona Lisa with a mustache. Art reproductions are ubiquitous. We can now sit in our pajamas while enjoying virtual tours of galleries and museums around the world via the Web and CD-ROM. We can explore genres and painters and zoom in to scrutinize details. The Louvre's Website offers spectacular 360-degree panoramas of artworks like the Venus de Milo. Such tours may become ever more multi-sensory by drawing on virtual reality technology, which includes things like goggles and gloves. Lighting and stage set designers, like architects, already use this technology in their work.

A : What business is on your mind?

B : Do you think that owning a flower shop has good prospects nowadays?

A : It could. But have you prepared yourself mentally and financially?

B : __________________________________________________.

A : Good! Then you should choose a strategic place and the right segment too. You must do a thorough research to have a good result.

B : I know that. It’s much easier to start a business than to run it well.

M : What's that noise?

W : Noise? I don't hear anything.

M : Listen closely. I hear some noise. _________________.

W : Oh, let's stop and see.

M : Look! A piece of glass is in the right front wheel.

W : Really? Umm... You're right. What are we going to do?

M : Don't worry. I got some experience in changing tires.

We can in consequence establish relations with almost all sorts of them.

Reptiles and fish may no doubt be found in swarms and shoals; they have been hatched in quantities and similar conditions have kept them together. In the case of social and gregarious mammals, the association arises not simply from a community of external forces but is sustained by an inner impulse. They are not merely like one another and so found in the same places at the same times; they like one another and so they keep together. This difference between the reptile world and the world of our human minds is one our sympathies seem unable to pass. ( A ) We cannot conceive in ourselves the swift uncomplicated urgency of a reptile's instinctive motives, its appetites, fears and hates. ( B ) We cannot understand them in their simplicity because all our motives are complicated; ours are balances and resultants and not simply urgencies. ( C ) But the mammals and birds have self-restraint and consideration for other individuals, a social appeal, a self-control that is, at its lower level, after our own fashion. ( D ) When they suffer they utter cries and make movements that rouse our feelings. We can make pets of them with a mutual recognition. They can be tamed to self-restraint towards us, domesticated and taught.

Thunderstorms are extremely common in many parts of the world, for example, throughout most of North America. Updrafts of warm air set off these storms.

(A) This more buoyant air then rises and carries water vapor to higher altitudes. The air cools as it rises, and the water vapor condenses and starts to drop as rain. As the rain falls, it pulls air along with it and turns part of the draft downward.

(B) An updraft may start over ground that is more intensely heated by the sun than the land surrounding the area. Bare, rocky, or paved areas, for example, usually have updrafts above them. The air in contact with the ground heats up and thus becomes lighter, more buoyant, than the air surrounding it.

(C) The draft may turn upward again and send the rain churning around in the cloud. Some of it may freeze to hail. Sooner or later, the water droplets grow heavy enough to resist the updrafts and fall to the ground, pulling air in the form of downdrafts with them.

He took out a picture from his drawer and kissed it with deep reverence, folded it meticulously in a white silk kerchief, and placed it inside his shirt next to his heart.

The company cannot expect me to move my home and family at the drop of a hat.

America gets 97 % of its limes from Mexico, and a combination of bad weather and disease has sent that supply plummeting and prices skyrocketing. A 40-lb. (18 kg) box of limes that cost the local restaurateurs about $ 20 late last year now goes for $ 120. In April, the average retail price for a lime hit 56 cents, more than double the price last year. Across the U.S., bars and restaurants are rationing their supply or, like Alaska Airlines, eliminating limes altogether. In Mexico, the value spike is attracting criminals, forcing growers to guard their limited supply of "green gold" from drug cartels. Business owners who depend on citrus are hoping that spring growth will soon bring costs back to normal.

Print, however, with its standard format and type, introduced exact mass reproduction.

Print transformed how knowledge itself was understood and transmitted. A manuscript is a unique and unreproducible object. ( A ) This meant that two readers separated by distance could discuss and compare identical books, right down to a specific word on a particular page. ( B ) With the introduction of consistent pagination, indexes, alphabetic ordering, and bibliographies (all unthinkable in manuscript), knowledge itself was slowly repackaged. ( C ) Textual scholarship became a cumulative science, as scholars could now gather manuscripts of, say, Aristotle's Politics and print a standard authoritative edition based on a comparison of all available copies. ( D ) This also led to the phenomenon of new and revised editions.

The WAIS-R is made up of eleven subtests, or scales. The subtests of the WAIS-R are arranged by the type of ability or skill being tested. The subtests are organized into two categories. Six subtests define the verbal scale, and five subtests constitute a performance scale. We can compute three scores: a verbal score, a performance score, and a total (or full-scale) score. The total score can be taken as an approximation of general intellectual ability. To administer the WAIS-R, you present each of the eleven subtests to your subject. The items within each subtest are arranged in order of difficulty. You start with relatively easy items, and then you progress to more difficult ones. You stop administering any one subtest when your subject fails a specified number of items in a row. You alternate between verbal and performance subtests. The whole process takes up to an hour and a half.

Language is saturated with implicit metaphors like "Events are objects and time is space." Indeed, space turns out to be a conceptual vehicle not just for time but for many kinds of states and circumstances. Just as a meeting can be moved from 3:00 to 4:00, a traffic light can go from green to red, a person can go from flipping burgers to running a corporation, and the economy can go from bad to worse. Metaphor is so widespread in language that it's hard to find expressions for abstract ideas that are not metaphorical. Does it imply that even our wispiest concepts are represented in the mind as hunks of matter that we move around on a mental stage? Does it say that rival claims about the world can never be true or false but can only be _____________________? Few things in life cannot be characterized in terms of variables and the causation of changes in them.

The chimpanzee － who puts two sticks together in order to get at a banana because no one of the two is long enough to do the job － uses intelligence. So do we all when we go about our business, "figuring out" how to do things. Intelligence, in this sense, is taking things for granted as they are, making combinations which have the purpose of facilitating their manipulation; intelligence is thought in the service of biological survival. Reason, ㉠ , aims at understanding; it tries to find out what is beneath the surface, to recognize the kernel, the essence of the reality which surrounds us. Reason is not without a function, but its function is not to further physical as much as mental and spiritual existence. ㉡ , often in individual and social life, reason is required in order to predict (considering that prediction often depends on recognition of forces which operate underneath the surface), and prediction sometimes is necessary even for physical survival.

East of the Mississippi, the land rises slowly into the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains. At the edge of the Canadian plains, the Canadian Shield, a giant core of rock centered on the Hudson and James Bays, anchors the continent. The stony land of the Shield makes up the eastern half of Canada and the northeastern United States. In northern Quebec, the Canadian Shield descends to the Hudson Bay. The heavily eroded Appalachian Mountains are North America's oldest mountains and the continent's second-longest mountain range. They extend about 1,500 miles from Quebec to central Alabama. Coastal lowlands lie east and south of the Appalachians. Between the mountains and the coastal lowlands lies a wide area of rolling hills. Many rivers cut through the Piedmont and flow across to the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the Carolinas.